Understanding the Dual Court System

A â€Å"dual court system† is a judicial structure employing two independent court systems, one operating at the local level and the other at the national level. The United States and Australia have the world’s longest-running dual court systems. Under the United States’ system of power-sharing known as â€Å"federalism,† the nation’s dual court system is composed of two separately operating systems: the federal courts and the state courts. In each case, the court systems or judicial branches operate independently from the executive and legislative branches. Why the US Has a Dual Court System Rather than evolving or â€Å"growing into† one, the United States has always had a dual court system. Even before the Constitutional Convention convened in 1787, each of the original Thirteen Colonies had its own court system loosely based on English laws and judicial practices most familiar to colonial leaders. In striving to create the system of checks and balances through separation of powers that is now arguably considered their best idea, the framers of the U.S. Constitution sought to create a judicial branch that would have no more power than either the executive or legislative branches. To achieve this balance, the framers limited the jurisdiction or power of the federal courts, while maintaining the integrity of the state and local courts. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts A court system’s â€Å"jurisdiction† describes the types of cases it is constitutionally allowed to consider. In general, the federal courts’ jurisdiction includes cases dealing in some way with federal laws enacted by Congress and interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution. The federal courts also deal with cases whose outcomes may impact multiple states, involve interstate crime and major crimes like human trafficking, drug smuggling, or counterfeiting. Also, the â€Å"original jurisdiction† of the U.S. Supreme Court allows the Court to settle cases involving disputes between states, disputes between foreign countries or foreign citizens and U.S. states or citizens. While the federal judicial branch operates separately from the executive and legislative branches, it must often work with them when required by the Constitution. Congress passes federal laws which must be signed by the President of the United States. The federal courts determine the constitutionality of federal laws and resolve disputes over how federal laws are enforced. However, the federal courts depend on the executive branch agencies to enforce their decisions. Jurisdiction of the State Courts The state courts deal with cases not falling under the jurisdiction of the federal courts—for example, cases involving family law (divorce, child custody, etc.), contract law, probate disputes, lawsuits involving parties located in the same state, as well as almost all violations of state and local laws. As implemented in the United States, the dual federal/state court systems give the state and local courts leeway to â€Å"individualize† their procedures, legal interpretations, and decisions to best fit the needs of the communities they serve. For example, large cities may need to reduce murders and gang violence, while small rural towns may need to deal with theft, burglary, and minor drug violations. About 90% of all cases dealt with in the U.S. court system are heard in the state courts. Operational Structure of the Federal Court System The US Supreme Court As created by Article III of the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court stands as the highest court in the United States. The Constitution merely created the Supreme Court, while assigning the task of passing federal laws and creating a system of lower federal courts. Congress has responded over the years to create the current federal court system made up of 13 courts of appeals and 94 district level trial courts sitting below the Supreme Court. Federal Courts of Appeals The U.S. Courts of Appeals is made up of 13 appellate courts located within the 94 federal judicial districts. The appeals courts decide whether or not federal laws were correctly interpreted and applied by the district trial courts under them. Each appeals court has three presidentially-appointed judges, and no juries are used. Disputed decisions of the appeals courts can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Federal Bankruptcy Appellate Panels Operating in five of the 12 regional federal judicial circuits, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (BAPs) are 3-judge panels authorized to hear appeals to decisions of bankruptcy courts BAPs are currently located in the First, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits. Federal District Trial Courts The 94 district trial courts making up the system of U.S. District Courts do what most people think courts do. They call juries that weigh evidence, testimony, and arguments, and apply legal principles to decide who is right and who is wrong. Each district trial court has one presidentially-appointed district judge. The district judge is assisted in preparing cases for trial by one or more magistrate judge, who may also conduct trials in misdemeanor cases. Each state and the District of Columbia have at least one federal district court, with a U.S. bankruptcy court operating under it. The U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands each have a federal district court and a bankruptcy court. Purpose of the Bankruptcy Courts The federal bankruptcy courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases involving business, personal, and farm bankruptcy. The bankruptcy process allows individuals or business that cannot pay their debts to seek a court-supervised program to either liquidate their remaining assets or reorganize their operations as needed to pay off all or part of their debt. The state courts are not allowed to hear bankruptcy cases. Special Federal Courts The federal court system also has two special-purpose trial courts: The U.S. Court of International Trade deals with cases involving U.S. customs laws and international trade disputes. The U.S. Court of Federal Claims decides claims for monetary damages filed against the U.S. government. Military Courts Military courts are completely independently from state and federal courts and operate by their own rules of procedure and applicable laws as detailed in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Structure of the State Court System While more limited in scope the basic structure and function of the state court system closely resembling that of the federal court system. State Supreme Courts Each state has a State Supreme Court which reviews the decisions of the state trial and appeals courts for compliance with the state’s laws and constitution. Not all states call their highest court the â€Å"Supreme Court.† For example, New York calls its highest court the New York Court of Appeals. Decisions of the State Supreme Courts can be appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court under the Supreme Court’s â€Å"original jurisdiction.† State Courts of Appeals Each state maintains a system of localized appeals courts that hear appeals from the decisions of the state trial courts. State Circuit Courts Each state also maintains geographically dispersed circuit courts that hear civil and criminal cases. Most state judicial circuits also have special courts that hear cases involving family and juvenile law. Municipal Courts Finally, most charted cities and towns in each state maintain municipal courts that hear cases involving violations of city ordinances, traffic violations, parking violations, and other misdemeanors. Some municipal courts also have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving things like unpaid utility bills and local taxes.

Roanoke College Admissions Acceptance Rate and More

Around three-quarters of applicants are admitted to Roanoke College each year. Students with good grades and test scores within or above the ranges listed below are likely to be accepted. Prospective students will need to submit an application, official high school transcripts, scores from the SAT or the ACT, letters of recommendation, and a personal essay. For more information about applying (including important dates and deadlines), interested students should visit Roanokes website, or should contact a member of the admissions team for assistance. Interested students are also encouraged to visit Roanokes campus, to see if the school would be a good match for them. Admissions Data (2015) Roanoke College Acceptance Rate: 72 percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for Roanoke CollegeTest Scores:  25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 490 / 610SAT Math: 480 / 590SAT Writing: 480 / 598What these SAT numbers meanTop Virginia colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 21  / 27ACT English: 20  / 27ACT Math: 19  / 25ACT Writing: 6 / 8What these ACT numbers meanTop Virginia colleges ACT comparison Roanoke College Description Founded in 1842, Roanoke College is a private liberal arts college located on an 80-acre campus in Salem, Virginia, eight miles from downtown Roanoke. The college offers 34 majors and has a 14 to 1  student/faculty ratio  and an average class size of 18. Students come from 40 states and 25 countries, and Roanoke College frequently ranks highly among southeastern colleges. For its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, Roanoke College was awarded chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. On the athletic front, The Roanoke Maroons compete in the NCAA Division III Old Dominion Athletic Conference. Enrollment (2015) Total Enrollment: 2,001 (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 41 percent male / 59 percent female97 percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $41,429Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,810Other Expenses: $2,250Total Cost: $57,489 Roanoke College Financial Aid (2014-15) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100 percentLoans: 73 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $22,804Loans: $8,668 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, English, History, Psychology, Sociology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 80 percentTransfer Out Rate: 29 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 58 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 66 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Track, Lacrosse, Tennis, Basketball, Golf, Baseball, Soccer, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Field Hockey, Softball, Tennis, Basketball, Cross Country, Track, Volleyball If You Like Roanoke College, You May Also Like These Schools James Madison University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBridgewater College: Profile  College of William Mary: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGeorge Mason University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphElon University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHigh Point University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphShenandoah University: Profile  Gettysburg College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Richmond: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Mary Washington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOld Dominion University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFerrum College: Profile   Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Interaction Ritual by Erving Goffman - 1369 Words

Introduction Erving Goffman (1922-1982) held the position of Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as President of the American Sociological Association in the year leading up to his death in 1982. Goffman is considered as the pioneer of the study of face-to-face interaction and has made a substantial contribution to micro-sociology. He is recognised as a major figure in the symbolic interaction perspective. In 2007 he was listed as the sixth most cited author in the humanities and social sciences (The Times Higher Education Guide, 2007). ‘On face-work’ is Goffman’s first essay from his book entitled ‘Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-face Behavior’ which†¦show more content†¦Goffman defines terms such as ‘line’ and discusses some of the impressions that we as individuals are expected to live up to. One of the main themes this work addresses is interaction order, which was Goffman’s starting point for his analysis. Goffman examines the procedures which are associated with the order of interaction and the ways in which we interact to maintain face. He also dissects face-to-face encounters. His analysis is carried out from a dramaturgical perspective. The text uses language that is comprehensible and it is organised in a logical manner making it easy to follow. The work is separated into sections using sub-headings which clearly identify the themes being discussed. Footnotes appear frequently giving further explanations of points being made and also direct us to sources with added information. This work provides us with an excellent understanding of how we as individuals present ourselves to others when interacting in our daily lives. Analysis Social interaction is a central theme in sociology and society results from these interactions. Goffman’s essay on face-work provides its reader with a clear and concise explanation of social interaction. The author illustrates how face-to-face interaction generates emotions that form the foundations of social life. The theoretical framework he uses is micro-sociology and his analysis takes on a dramaturgical perspective. Goffman introduced the metaphor of ‘life as aShow MoreRelatedErving Goffmans Insight on Face- Work in His Essays on Face-to-face Behavior629 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Erving Goffman (1922-1982) held the position of Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as President of the American Sociological Association in the year leading up to his death in 1982.Goffman is considered as the pioneer of the study of face-to-face interaction and has made a substantial contribution to microsociology. His works are frequently cited throughout literature. 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Through an analysis of these two figures, the text will present different ways of looking at social ordering and individuals place in a human society. Firstly, it will be shown how Goffman and Foucault approach the subject of social order, finding patterns of behaviour in micro and macro-social realities. SecondlyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Herbert Mead s The Guests On The Show 1115 Words   |  5 Pages 1 / 2 Welcome to radio 350 todays radio show is entitled, Self and Society. The guests on the show include: George Herbert Mead, W.E.B. Du Bois, Erving Goffman, and Anthony Giddens. The purpose of the show for today is to provide the listening audience with a clear understanding of how each of these authors have contributed to our understanding of the relationship between self and society. What kinds of questions and issues animated their research? What were they trying to demonstrate? Where doesRead MoreGoffmans Theory on Total Institutions1714 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: ERVIN GOFFMAN Goffmans Theory Elaine Tyler SOC 101: Introduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeremy Baker July 8, 2013 ERVIN GOFFMAN Goffmans Theory on Total Institutions We interact with a variety of people on a regular basis who influence our behavior but who are not family or friends. Many of these people we encounter because of their roles within particular social institutions with which we interact. They are part of our secondary group members; their opinionsRead MoreErving Goffman Focuses on Form of Social Interaction2737 Words   |  11 PagesExamine the view that Erving Goffman’s work focuses on forms of social interaction but ignores social structure. Erving Goffman was born on the 11th June 1922 in Mannville, Canada. In 1939, Goffman enrolled at the University of Manitoba where he pursued an undergraduate degree in chemistry; however he then took an interest for sociology while working temporarily at the National Film Board in Ottawa. This was the motivation that he then needed to go on and enrol at the University of Toronto whereRead MoreWhat is Social Order? Essay examples1248 Words   |  5 Pages This essay will compare and contrast two social science views about the ordering of social life. It will look at what social order is and how it effects our daily lives and explore the differences and similarities between the work of Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault. It will consider Buchanan’s and Monderman’s views on ordering public space to highlight Goffman’s focus on the way individuals interact with each other and Foucault’s emphasis on authoritative knowledge by authorities or experts.

Immigration Essay Summary Example For Students

Immigration Essay Summary Immigration should be restricted in the United States. There are many political, social, and economic reasons why restrictions should be put on immigration. The United States Government and the welfare of its citizens are chaotic enough, without having to deal with the influx of thousands of new immigrants each year. Along with the myriad immigrants to the U.S., come just as many economic problems. Some of these problems include unemployment, crime, and education. There are numerous amounts of U.S. citizens who are currently receiving welfare benefits from the government, many of whom are immigrants. The unemployment rate has been on a steady decline, which has started to level off in the past few years. Immigrants were screened for their political beliefs. Immigrants who werebelieved to be anarchists or those who advocated the overthrow of government byforce or the assassination of a public officer were deported. This act was mademainly do to the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. OnFebruary 5, 1917 another immigration act was made. This Act codified allprevious exclusion provisions and added the exclusion of illiterate aliens formentering into the United States. It also created a barred zone(Asia-Pacifictriangle), whose natives were also inadmissible. This Act made Mexicansinadmissible. It insisted that all aliens pay a head tax of $8 dollars. However,because of the high demand for labor in the southwest, months later congress letMexican workers (braceros) to stay in the U.S. under supervision of stategovernment for six month periods. A series of statutes were made in 1917,1918,and 1920. The sought to define more clearly which aliens were admissible andwhich alien s were deportable. These decisions were made mostly on the alienspolitical beliefs. They formed these statutes in reaction to the BolshevikRevolution in Russia, which led to a Russian economic recession and a surge ofimmigrants used to communistic ideals bringing along with them a red scare. TheImmigration act of May 26, 1924 consolidated all of the statutes and laws in thepast. It also established a quota system designed to favor the NorthwesternEuropeans because others were deemed less likely to support the American way oflife. The act also barred all Asians as aliens ineligible for citizenship in theU.S. The act of June 14, 1940 permanently transferred the Immigration andNaturalization Service from the Department of Labor to the Department ofJustice. The Act of April 29, 1943 provided for the importation of temporaryagricultural laborers to the U.S. from North, South, and Central America. TheProgram served as the Legal basis for the Mexican bracero program, which lastedthrough 19 64. The Displaced Persons Act of June 25, 1948 was a respond to thelarge numbers of Europeans who had been turned into refuges by World War Two. Italso marked the first Major expression of U.S. policy for admitting personsfleeing persecution. Theystill had a quota however, of 205,000 displaced persons in a two-year period. .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 , .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .postImageUrl , .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 , .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:hover , .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:visited , .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:active { border:0!important; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:active , .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97 .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19d9821b1a32e557239d81ea18699c97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Foreword In the days of the Ancients there was a race like no other, for they were blessed with a unique gift Essay(3,1096) The priority went to aliens who were farm laborers and those who hadspecial skills. Racial and Religious factors also affected the implementation ofthe Act. From June 30 until July 1 half of the German and Austrian quotas wereavailable exclusively to persons of German ethnic origin who were born inPoland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, or Yugoslavia and who resided inGermany or Austria. The Immigration and Nationality Act of June 27, 1952 alsoknown as the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was passedover the veto of President H arry S. Truman. The Act made all immigration lawscompact into one comprehensive statute. All of the races were made eligible fornaturalization. Sex discrimination was eliminated with respect to immigration. However it still had a quota in preference to skilled aliens. It also broadenedthe grounds for exclusion and deportation of aliens. The Immigration andNationality Act of October 3, 1965 abolished the national-origins quota system,elimination national origin, race, or ancestry as