Essay about The United Stated Federal Reserve Board

1. What is the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed) and how does it attempt to prevent and curtail unemployment? The United Stated Federal Reserve Board (the Fed), a component of the Federal government, conducts monetary policy. The Fed essentially plays the role for the nation’s banks that these banks play for us. Just as we borrow money from the banks, the banks borrow money from the Fed. Just as we pay interest on the money we borrow, banks pay interest on the money that they borrow from the Fed. The Fed can use monetary policy to decrease unemployment by lowering the interest rate that it charges banks. If banks are able to pay a lower interest rate to borrow from the Fed, they are likely to lower the interest rate that they charge the†¦show more content†¦2. What is inflation and how does the Fed attempt to prevent and curtail it? Inflation is a general increase in the prices of all goods and services. Inflation occurs when the average level of prices in the economy increases over time. Even as overall prices are increasing, particular relative prices will change. The US Federal Reserve attempts to control and reduce inflation. Central banks focus is on strictly controlling inflation, protecting financial assets, and keeping labor markets strictly in check. Central Banks hold inflation more important than unemployment. Central Banks believe the only long-run impact of monetary policy is on the rate of inflation. They believe free-market forces in the real economy determine real output, employment, and productivity. To attain the targeted inflation rate, central banks influence credit creation and hence spending by frequently adjusting interest rates. 3. What is a recession and how are recessions related to unemployment? Using Marx’s concept of exploitation would it be easier or harder for employers to exploit their employees during a recession? Please provide your reasons for your conclusion. A recession occurs when a country’s real GDP begins to shrink. Even a milder economic slowdown in which GDP continues to grow, but very slowly can create unemployment and dislocation. GDP and employment are positively correlated. As GDP risesShow MoreRelatedWoodrow Wilson s The Federal Reserve985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Reserve Federal Reserve can be very confusing to understand and know what is their purpose and how they help the economy. The Federal Reserve was started in December 23,1913 by President Woodrow Wilson who sign the Federal Reserve Act. The Fed has many things that it controls in are economy. One of the Reason that President Woodrow Wilson put the Federal Reserve Act in to place because in 1913 there were a feel that banks were instable so many investors did not feel confident in theRead MoreThe Federal Reserve ( Investopedia ) Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pages In 1913, the United States Congress created the world’s most powerful monetary system, called the Federal Reserve (Investopedia). It involves one central agency and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks that are accountable for their designated areas in the United States (Investopedia). Its primary purpose was to establish a secure, malleable, and a solid financial system which was to prevent financial devastation during times of crisis (Investopedia). More specifically, prior to the creationRead MoreThe Federal Reserve Board Is A Regulating Body That Determines How United States Will Lend Money Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Reserve Board is a regulating body that determines how United States will lend money by coordinating the banks and defining the value of the dollar. A Governor on the Federal Reserve board communicates with the twelve region s bank presidents, economic analysts, and their regional directors, and collectively define the dollar by selling long-term and short-term bonds that advance a percentage of the worth. Once an agreement has been made upon fraction percentage, banks are required toRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System Is The United States Central Bank1339 Words   |  6 PagesHayden Hill Macroeconomics Professor Gislason 27 April 2017 The Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System, also called â€Å"the FED†, is the United States central bank, a national institution which governs the production and distribution of money. It was created to provide the United States with a more secure and more stable financial structure. The Federal Reserve System has many responsibilities today. First, the FED controls U.S. monetary policy by altering the supply and demand of the economyRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System was founded by Congress in 1913 to be the central bank of the United States. The Federal Reserve System was founded to be a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary financial system. Over the years, the role of the Federal Reserve Board and its influence on banking and the economy has increased. Today, the Federal Reserve Systems duties fall into four general categories. Firstly, the FED conducts the nations monetary policy. The FEDRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System And Central Banking System1592 Words   |  7 Pagesare the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the European Central Bank (ECB). There are many things that make these two entities similar and many things that make them different. Both are effective in their own ways, but which one is more effective. Is one superior than the other? Which central banking entity is more accountable? Looking at the structure of these entities will only help us answer the questions. When it comes down to it, which cen tral banking system would you prefer? The Federal Reserve SystemRead MoreThe United States And The Euro Area1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States and the euro area are the top two largest economies in the world. This paper is a brief comparison of the central banking systems of the two economies. The paper starts by introducing historical background for the two central banking systems to be established. It then continues to analysis similarities and differences between two central bank system’s organizational structures. Moreover, the paper will also compare monetary policy frameworks of the two systems in terms of monetaryRead MoreMonetary Policy Paper1085 Words   |  5 PagesColander. The state of the economy, concerns of the Federal Reserve, and the stated direction of recent monetary policy will also be discussed. Monetary policy is a policy of influencing the economy through changes in the banking systems reserves that influence the money supply and credit availability in the economy (Colander, 2004, p. 659). Monetary policy also refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, to influence the availability and cost of money andRead MoreThe Age Of Turbulence By Alan Greenspan Sheds Light On1596 Words   |  7 Pagesthe chairman of the Federal Reserve as well as the present and future United States economy. Greenspan’s involvement in public life started with Richard Nixon’s campaign in 1967. He then went on to spend eighteen years serving as the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board for Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush from 1987 to 2006. In his memoir he teaches readers what the Federal Reserve is, what their duties are, the history of the United States economy, andRead MoreHow Does The Central Bank Ma nage The Nation s Monetary System?845 Words   |  4 Pagesmonetary system? Monetary system is the nation’s money supply. The Federal Reserve is the United States’ central bank. Its roles consist of controlling the money supply. It also â€Å"clears interbank payments, regulates the banking system, assists banks in difficult financial positions. The Fed also manages exchange rates and foreign exchange reserves.† (Case, Fair, Oster, 2011) The tools the Fed uses are changing the discount rate, the reserve ratio, and using open market operations. â€Å"The discount rate

Should We Interfere With The Natural Process - 845 Words

I have such a hard time with this topic. Reading all of these articles and watching these videos have genuinely put some things into perspective. These things are those of which I have never put much thought toward, if any. Should we interfere with the natural process? First I want to touch on the slide that Dr. Scott Rae presented from the Newsweek magazine. I do agree when he says that we are interfering with the natural process by waiting so long to have children, if we are physically capable. He briefly touches on the fact that women are waiting longer in life to have babies because they have things such as IUI and IVF to depend on. These women, usually celebrities, are waiting so they do not have to ruin their bodies at an early age and can continue a successful career while at a younger age. Now in this perspective, I do agree that the natural process should not be interfered with. In retrospect, the natural process, more or less â€Å"fails† for some people. For example, a couple struggling with infertility or with medical issues preventing the natural process to take place, seek out help from technology. This, in my opinion, is not interfering with the natural process. I do however agree with the the lack of importance people are putting on the embryos that are in storage. From a personal standpoint, these are indeed human life ready to be conceived, but unfortunately there are thousands upon thousands that will probably never have the chance. The dominionShow MoreRelated Against Cloning Essay667 Words   |  3 Pagessold as manufactured products. If we allow that, we would be violating others human rights. One of them is that no one should be held in slavery or servitude. Cloning also threatens individuality and uniqueness. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/cloning/clonesindividual.shtml) Life would be very dull considering the fact that everyone would have the same personality. If we follow this to the future, one wouldn?t want to live in that kind of world. The process of cloning involves killing a greatRead MoreThe Cloning Of Human Cloning1332 Words   |  6 PagesCloning Science today is developing at warp speed. We have the potential to do many things, which include the cloning of actual humans and animals. The question no longer seems to be if we will clone humans, but when? Somewhere, sometime, a human clone will be born. This fact has exploded the world into a global debate. Will large armies of soldiers be raised to fight our wars? Or perhaps we will create a race of slaves to do our dirty work. Cloning is becoming more credible and concrete idea ratherRead MoreMy Favorite Case We Went Over In Constitutional Law This1102 Words   |  5 Pages My favorite case we went over in constitutional law this year is Lochner v. New York because of the display of power by the justices joined in the majority and the fervent dissent countering their reasoning. I have described Lochner above in the context of the Commerce clause above but my focus for this question is the case in context of the Substantive due process section of the class. The substantive due process clause deals with the law itself and not the process, substantive rights are protectedRead MoreThe Perception Of The Olfactory Function1228 Words   |  5 PagesWe must be aware of the smells in an environment because that can alter students’ ability to focus and learn. â€Å"Smells can capture a child’s attention, and when they do, access to sensory information from other sensory systems capable of providing more useful information can be compromised.† (Allman, C., Lewis, S. and Smith, M. 2014) The olfactory function is extremely sensitive and bout pleasant or unpleasant smells can create issues. People often make decision based on their interaction with a scentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Inside Of A Dog 1136 Words   |  5 PagesInteraction with This Sense Daily we see those mini-size cute toy poodles jumping around, the tall and slim Doberman Pinscher staring acutely into distant place, or the pure white Samoyed sticking his tongue out with a natural, angel-like smile. Dogs are everywhere now; they are the best friends of humans. But do we really understand them? In Alexander Horowitz’s book Inside of a Dog, she explains how dogs’ senses, particularly smell, differ from humans’ in ways we may never think about. People utilizeRead MoreEssay on Should Drug Use Be Decriminalized?824 Words   |  4 PagesShould Drug Use Be Decriminalized? To begin examining this statement, one should first examine what drugs purposes are and if they have a worthy enough purpose to be excepted into society. Drugs such as Marijuana have been legalized for strictly medical purposes only. Marijuana has been found to treat the nausea suffered by cancer patients and also treat the wasting of AIDS patients. Both fatal diseases with no cures. But what effects overall does Marijuana and otherRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Procreation Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesProcreation is a beautiful miracle that God has blessed humans to perform. God granted us this blessing so we can reproduce our offspring and start families. However, not everyone has been blessed to be able to procreate an offspring and this can carry a heavy burden on almost anyone who is less fortunate. For these less fortunate people who are unable to procreate an offspring, there are other ways to overcome this devastating scenario. In our present day, there are numerous outlets and technologiesRead MoreThe Cloning Of Cloning For Medical Services1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethicality of Cloning Cloning the latest process that could change the way we look at our environment, and the step to take us to lose what makes us unique and unparalleled. Cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical individual to the original. There are three types of cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. 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Does genetic engineering interfere with God’s natural order or a manipulation of God creation and the intended purpose of our lives? Genetic engineering goes against the theological belief of the authority of God and religion governance order. This new paradigm of genetic engineering reproduction of life as we know is an interference of the creation of God’s and life. I believe if we continue the use of genetic engineering cloning it is against everything we believe

Theories of International Relations

Questions: 1.What is 'international relations theory'? What 'uses' does IR theory have, if any? Please Respond and illustrate with reference to specific examples of (a) theory and (b) reality 2.Please review and assess the key features of both realism and liberalism theories and please identify the criteria you use for review and for Please answer with reference to examples. 3.You are an advisor to three different policy-makers and you have to convince them, individually, that the best theory in IR is, respectively, Realism, Pluralism and Globalism. Write the main arguments you would use in favor of each theory and why this theory in particular is the more appropriate. Answers: 1. The international theory is the investigation of the international relations from a hypothetical point of view. [1]It as a rule endeavors to give a theoretical system in which the universal hypothesis can be broke down (Zehfuss and Maja 2000). As indicated by Ole Holsti highlights the global relations hypotheses as acting like the sets of the shaded shades, which permit the wearer to see just remarkable occasions that are important to the contention (Jackson, Robert, and George 2016). A case is a disciple of Realism that may totally dismiss a reality that a constructivist may jump as vital. The universal relations speculations are separated into positivist methodologies that attention on the state level examination and the reflectivist that corporates the extended implications of security; that extents from the class to sex and the post-provincial security (Zehfuss and Maja 2000). It is huge to note there are different clashing methods for deduction exist in the global hypothesis; they incorporate constructivism, Marxism, and institutionalism. The Utilization of IR Theory This methodology helps the political pioneers to comprehend the world and have the capacity to shape the outside arrangements. The global reality to some awesome degree is made, guided and formed by the utilization of the reasonable model that to be ascendant when the remote approach choices are made. Consequently, the utilization of this hypothesis brings some satisfactory attention to comprehend the universal relations and the outside approach basic leadership. A case of the utilization of hypothesis use is to affect the general population, more so in a setting that will have any kind of effect to their activities. On the truth a couple of years prior in the New York, William Wallace had conveyed an address concerning what he asked people to go out into the enormous world and get to be locked in. [2]He needed individuals to wind up persuasive and talk reality and force. In any case, there were pundits like Ken Corner and Smith who had reacted that the idea of being an impact is mor e confounded than any of them can permit, and some of the time people neglect to confront the significant issues that are adequately specifically. In some cases the utilization of the hypothesis help us to have the capacity to adapt to the ordinary life individuals might be scared by the word. In the realm of universal relations, no individual can be. The idea of the hypothesis, overall, has inhabited to create thoughts of having some commonsense point as a primary concern, and having the capacity to take a gander at the things or occasions with some reasonable purposes. This can be unmistakably be seen when people get the opportunity to feel for this when they think about the physical exertion alone which went into setting up a given occasion or an assignment. 2. Realism is one of the most seasoned and still predominant type of the IR theories. The key elements of this theory is the features. One of them is the state is the key players of the worldwide relations. Besides, the global anarchic as in there is no more power over the state. Another viewpoint is that national interest is regularly characterized as the force, is normally the premise for the state conduct (Burchill, Scott, Andrew, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Terry, Matthew, Paterson, Christian and Jacqui 2013). Next component connected with the hypothesis, the contention at times prompting the war is a characteristic and persevering element of the global relations. Illustration, if war can be kept away from, yet incidentally, it is generally because of the inclination of the states to adjust each of the other. Lastly, the universal organizations are minimal to the session of the global relations. Overall, they are generally subservient to the more prominent force impulse, and the control is compelling just to the extent these forces permit them to.[3] There are notable components inside Realism. The basic Realism of the Waltz holds that insurgency and the dissemination of the force are the principle determinants of the state conduct, in this way difficult the established Realism that takes the human instinct to be the essential causal variable of the universal relations fundamentally (Krugman 2008). The easygoing and the prescient elements of Realism have fixated on the contentions; an illustration is toward the end of the Icy War would not prompt stable peace yet rather unleashed new types of between state struggle and the powerful rivalry that are portrayed by multipolar frameworks. The hostile realists have concentrated on the ascent of China and its coming clash with the USA that is seen as the pre-famous worldwide business as usual of the force (Guzzini 2000). On the progressivism, it is a hypothesis of contention; it focusses fundamentally on the r easons for participation and the instruments of acknowledging universal request. Much the same as Realism, it has a few strands yet rather they are commonly strengthened than interior contestations. One component of the hypothesis is that the state makes its inside political theory the objectives of its outside arrangement. A case a dreamer ought to trust that consummation neediness at home could be combined with the handling of the destitution abroad. Another element is that the hypothesis holds that the inclination of the state, as opposed to the state abilities are the essential determinant of the conduct of the state. Not at all like Realism where the state is viewed as a unitary on-screen character, has progressivism taken into account the majority of the activities of the state.[4] In this way, inclinations will shift from one state-to-state contingent upon the way of life, government sort, and the financial framework (Buckley, Peter and Mark 2010). In addition, radicalism hol ds that the communication between the states is not typically constrained to the political, but rather likewise the financial or the way of life through associations or the people. On the criteria for the evaluation, there was the recognizable proof of the components that existed on both of the hypotheses and afterward arrangement of the significant illustrations that were material exposed war and the post-frontier period (Gilpin 2016). 3. Realism Theory The Realism theory is the transcendent the school of thought in the global relations hypothesis. The contention has a tendency to depend on the antiquated conventions of the possibility of early researchers (Barnett, Michael, and Raymond 2005). The fundamental contention of the hypothesis is that the states are constantly occupied with as battle for the force. The hypothesis advocate for the utilization of the ability to satisfy the enthusiasm of a country, the hypothesis is a perspective of universal governmental issues, which weighs on it is focused and the conflictual side (Donnelly 2000). The main on-screen character in the universal field as the state that is worried with their security demonstration in the quest for their national advantages and the battle for the force. As a strategy producer, the utilization of this universal hypothesis you tends to settle on a choice that depends on the advantage of the national and more so the ones that do not trade off the security of the state. This hypothesis can go about as the rule towards making of that approach (Barnett, Michael, and Raymond 2005). Pluralism Theory on Contentions: [5]On this hypothesis, it contends that diverse gatherings run a nation as opposed to a person. The pluralism scrutinizes direct vote based system and rather it puts energy to the gatherings like the coalitions, unions, and the halls(Waltz 2010). The hypothesis does not imply that every one of the gatherings included are equivalent, or they have the same measure of the force. The arrangement creators who have the decentralized skills in the legislature ought to give the forces to the neighborhood government to advance decentralize on the force. There should be the presence of various branches, which controls the distinctive part of the framework to empower not one individual or a gathering, has the control of much power. The crucial component of this hypothesis there ought to be a partition of the force and the arrangement of the checks and the equalizations (Onuf, Nicholas 2012). Globalism Theory Globalism includes the support to translate or plan of the monetary and the remote strategy in relations to the occasions and the advancement all through the world. In addition, it might involve the hypothesis of the worldwide economy in which the accomplishments of above all else the countries are related to those of different nations all through the world because of the element of universal exchange. This has been conceivable because of the late changes in the innovation more so web. [6]The worldwide hypothesis has shown in the past clarified on how the arrangement change happens in a more extensive degree (Adler 2013). The arrangement creator can utilize this way to deal with incorporate on the perspectives concerning the approach change. The supporters can utilize this hypothesis effectively when they embrace on its system to figure and adjust the approaches. The worldwide methodologies offer comparative suspicions that unequivocally recognize that the contention resound along th ese lines helping gatherings to settle on centered key decisions with respect to conceivable strategies. Bibliography Adler, Emanuel. "Constructivism in international relations: sources, contributions, and debates." Handbook of international relations 2 (2013): 112-144. Barnett, Michael, and Raymond Duvall. "Power in international politics." International organization 59, no. 01 (2005): 39-75. Buckley, Peter J., and Mark Casson. "A theory of cooperation in international business." In The Multinational Enterprise Revisited, pp. 41-67. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. Burchill, Scott, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Terry Nardin, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit, and Jacqui True. Theories of international relations.Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Donnelly, Jack. Realism and international relations. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Gilpin, Robert. The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press,2016. Guzzini, Stefano. "A reconstruction of constructivism in international relations." European Journal of International Relations 6, no. 2 (2000): 147-182. Jackson, Robert, and Georg Srensen. Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. Oxford University Press, 2016. Krugman, Paul R. International economics: Theory and policy, 8/E. Pearson Education India, 2008. Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. World of our making: rules and rule in social theory and international relations. Routledge, 2012. Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press, 2010. Zehfuss, Maja. Constructivism in international relations: the politics of reality. Vol. 83.Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Water Pollution essay descriptive Essay Example

Water Pollution essay descriptive Paper Whats more, we cannot ignore the influence of the pesticide and fertilizer from agriculture. While not all the countries are facing the water pollution problem, it is a question for the whole world. Because of the large population and global climate change, the quantity Of water resource has been declined. In addition, the developing countries should be more responsible for the water quality management. With the high speed of development, they may focus more on the economic interest than environmental interest. And the worst result of water pollution is the death of people, according to a recent port, there is about 42% of death caused by unsafe drinking water. And it also cause the large amount of the fish died. Solutions For the industries and agriculture, the most important measure is taking process to treat the wastewater. They should use facilities to treat the water before discharging them into the sea or river. Whats more, it is also important to recycle or reuse the water in order to intake less water. For the government, they should encourage both of the industries and individuals take the water pollution as a serious problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution essay descriptive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution essay descriptive specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution essay descriptive specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And they need to introduce mom regulation for the discharging of waste water, such as fines. For the individuals, there are many simple things we are able to do. For example, do not throw medicines or chemicals into sink, and save water by recycling use. Stakeholders The stakeholders could include individuals, governments and industries. It is beneficial for improving the living quality, environmental quality and products quality. The local government should be responsible for the management of water quality, such as establishing the city sanitation authority. And the World Health Organization has also introduced a document named water pollution control in order to guide all the countries for water quality management. As the citizens, we have responsibility for taking action to protect the water resource. Whats more, we also have the right to supervise the government and industries about the water management. Conclusion Although there are many policies to prevent the water pollution, the society still ask for the more efficient measure to protect the water resource.

YCJA good or bad free essay sample

If you were a young offender of a misdemeanor would it be harsh for the judge to treat them as if they were an adult? Would you think by giving them equal consequences it could make their whole future more challenging? The YCJA (youth criminal justice act) is positive legislation that must be upheld but should be amended when it comes to violent crimes. This act allows for youth offenders who are less mature to not be exposed and have a second chance for a bright future. At the same time giving them a fair, long consequence to teach them a lesson. Some suggest that by giving them a more adult like punishment it would force the young offenders into not repeating their actions again. Are they right? Do we need to make changes to this act to accommodate the opinion of these people? Some may argue that the judges are too merciful and that the young offenders and adults should be treated equally. We will write a custom essay sample on YCJA good or bad? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is because they think the offenders aren’t getting a â€Å"Harsh† enough punishment. Thus causing them to just go back and repeat their actions, and may even be escalated to more violent crimes causing the safety of the community to decrease. They are wrong because adolescent offenders are generally more immature and most likely more peer pressured into committing crimes. They are quick to act and don’t think ahead before they say or do something that might affect them in the long run. YCJA Good †¦ and Bad? If you were a young offender of a misdemeanor would it be harsh for the judge to treat them as if they were an adult? Would you think by giving them equal consequences it could make their whole future more challenging? The YCJA (youth criminal justice act) is positive legislation that must be upheld but should be amended when it comes to violent crimes. This act allows for youth offenders who are less mature to not be exposed and have a second chance for a bright future. At the same time giving them a fair, long consequence to teach them a lesson. Some suggest that by giving them a more adult like punishment it would force the young offenders into not repeating their  actions again. Are they right? Do we need to make changes to this act to accommodate the opinion of these people? Some may argue that the judges are too merciful and that the young offenders and adults should be treated equally. This is because they think the offenders aren’t getting a â€Å"Harsh† enough punishment. Thus causing them to just go back and repeat their actions, and may even be escalated to more violent crimes causing the safety of the community to decrease. They are wrong because adolescent offenders are generally more immature and most likely more peer pressured into committing crimes. They are quick to act and don’t think ahead before they say or do something that might affect them in the long run. YCJA Good †¦ and Bad? If you were a young offender of a misdemeanor would it be harsh for the judge to treat them as if they were an adult? Would you think by giving them equal consequences it could make their whole future more challenging? The YCJA (youth criminal justice act) is positive legislation that must be upheld but should be amended when it comes to violent crimes. This act allows for youth offenders who are less mature to not be exposed and have a second chance for a bright future. At the same time giving them a fair, long consequence to teach them a lesson. Some suggest that by giving them a more adult like punishment it would force the young offenders into not repeating their actions again. Are they right? Do we need to make changes to this act to accommodate the opinion of these people? Some may argue that the judges are too merciful and that the young offenders and adults should be treated equally. This is because they think the offenders aren’t getting a â€Å"Harsh† enough punishment. Thus causing them to just go back and repeat their actions, and may even be escalated to more violent crimes causing the safety of the community to decrease. They are wrong because adolescent offenders are generally more immature and most likely more peer pressured into committing crimes. They are quick to act and don’t think ahead before they say or do something that might affect them in the long run. YCJA Good †¦ and Bad? If you were a young offender of a misdemeanor would it be harsh for the judge to treat them as if they were an adult? Would you think by giving them equal consequences it could make their whole future more challenging? The YCJA (youth criminal justice act) is positive legislation that must be upheld but should be amended when it comes to violent crimes. This act allows for youth offenders who are less mature to not be exposed and have a second chance for a bright future. At the same time giving them a fair, long consequence to teach them a lesson. Some suggest that by giving them a more adult like punishment it would force the young offenders into not repeating their actions again. Are they right? Do we need to make changes to this act to accommodate the opinion of these people? Some may argue that the judges are too merciful and that the young offenders and adults should be treated equally. This is because they think the offenders aren’t getting a â€Å"Harsh† enough punishment. Thus causing them to just go back and repeat their actions, and may even be escalated to more violent crimes causing the safety of the community to decrease. They are wrong because adolescent offenders are generally more immature and most likely more peer pressured into committing crimes. They are quick to act and don’t think ahead before they say or do something that might affect them in the long run.

How I Messed Up On My First Jobâ€and What You Can Learn From My Mistakes!

How I Messed Up On My First Job- and What You Can Learn From My Mistakes! â€Å"Why?† This is a question asked by children incessantly all over the world. â€Å"Why† is an essential inquiry into how the world works. It seems some â€Å"why† questions are acceptable signs of curiosity, whereas others are met with â€Å"Because I said so.† As adults, it’s the same way. We are encouraged to get to the source of the â€Å"why† in science, for instance, but when we are given a task by a supervisor, we are often discouraged from asking why; managers can see the question as an affront to their authority. Do you get offended when someone asks you why? Are you afraid to ask because you might be considered recalcitrant? Consider this story. My First Job As a high school student, I got my first â€Å"real† job as a cashier at Carrot Top Pastries, a small bakery known for making the best carrot cake in New York City. After receiving brief instructions on how to use the register, I set out on my first day of work. Very quickly, I determined that it would be much faster to hit the â€Å"no sale† button to eject the cash drawer, rather than to enter in the amount of every purchase and go through all that extra work! After all, I was a math whiz at the Bronx High School of Science and knew how to make change! I didn’t need the cash register to tell me what to do! Things went on like this for several days before the owner of the bakery discovered she had no record of what had been sold at the end of each day, and no way to balance the accounting. Oops. From this experience, I took away that I am fallible, often in the moments when I thought I was being most impressive. That hurt. I also learned that not understanding the â€Å"why† behind a task greatly increases the possibility of error. Carrot Top laid me off after a couple of weeks, not due to my erroneous ways but because of a strike at the telephone company across the street- the source of most of the bakery’s business. Still, I left that job with a humility I had not experienced before. Good Managers Explain Why Later in life, I became a manager (in a role that kept me at a safe distance from cash registers). I learned that when employees understand the big picture- the â€Å"why†- of what they are doing, they are more motivated, loyal, and productive than when they are simply given a task to do. If the Carrot Top manager had told me from the get-go that entering amounts on the cash register was how they tracked their sales and balanced their books, I would not have made the mistake I made. When I am managing, or even editing, I make a concerted effort to explain the why behind my instructions and what value the task at hand will bring to the project, client and/or organization. In March, I was in charge of putting materials together to distribute at a workshop. Part of the work my assistants were doing included cutting some of the materials. I explained to them the importance of presentation, what the materials were for, and when they would be handed out. I also stood there while the assistants started the project to do quality control. The results were beautiful! What If It’s â€Å"Obvious?† Admittedly, explaining â€Å"why† is often easier said than done. In my role, often the reason for an instruction is so obvious to me that I can’t even conceive someone else would not automatically understand. It’s often when I skip over a â€Å"why† that mistakes get made. That’s what happened with my manager at Carrot Top. I would assert that as the person doing a task we have some responsibility too. Now, when someone gives me instructions that don’t make sense to me, or when I think I have a better idea of how something should be done, my first response is to ask â€Å"Why?† Sadly, this question is not always met with enthusiasm, as some people like to have their instructions followed unquestioningly. While I understand that perspective, as a manager I would always prefer people to ask me why they are doing something before they go ahead and do it their way- or before doing it my way but resenting it. I encourage all of you to ask and answer the question â€Å"Why?† when it will create communication flow and/or prevent unplanned, potentially dangerous system changes! A Tragic Note In writing this article, I did a Google search for Carrot Top Pastries and discovered that the owner committed suicide a couple of years ago. From what I could gather, she was feeling desperation in the face of a landlord dispute for the store she had owned for 30 years. This ending truly has me asking â€Å"Why?†

Response to Be Virus Free Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Response to Be Virus Free - Article Example Can we cure a viral disease? Of course, through proper medication, which involves mainly vaccination, it is possible to cure some of the diseases. However, the fact remains that whether humans could be ‘totally virus free’? At this stage, I would like to draw your attention to an advertisement that appeared in your journal, titled, â€Å"Be Virus Free†. The afore said advertisement advertise on an alternative healing method which require no drugs, is effective, permanent and seems to guaranteed to be an ‘once only treatment for complete protection from viruses’. It also lay claim to have received a ‘1999 Australian achiever award’ and is ‘highly commended’. In my point of view, this advertisement is not based on any scientific reasoning or on any concrete research finding which can ensure a complete virus-free status. An in-depth study on the behavior of infectious viruses and the resulting diseases implies that such a ‘virus free’ status is yet to be achieved. Before proceeding further, it may be advisable to explicate the characteristics of major viruses and the mechanism of viral attacks to clarify why a totally virus-free status is still hard to achieve. A virus is a portion of DNA or RNA, wrapped in a protein. It can replicate only when it is inside the cells of a living organism and thus, they are a virulent agent with highly infective nature to ensure their survival. Basically, a virus causes cell lyses where the cells of the host organism break open which cause subsequent cell death. These viruses use the important metabolic system of the host cells for their replication and reprogramme the host cell to produce new viruses, and for this, use the proteins of the host cell. The mechanism of viruses in producing a disease in a human (or any organism) is mainly based on the viral species (Table 1) and it is interesting to note that some

Customer Relationship and Sales Management Essay

Customer Relationship and Sales Management - Essay Example In line with this, the proponent tries to find out more about customer relationship in order to confirm or contradict the idea that ‘Relationship Marketing may still be regarded as an ‘umbrella philosophy’ with numerous relational variations rather than as a wholly unified concept with strongly developed objectives and strategies’ (Egan, 2004). The arguments are illustrated using examples from organisations and appropriate theory in line with relationship marketing and customer relationship. Relationship marketing and marketing activities As mentioned earlier, relationship marketing is a theory generally applied to majority of marketing activities. Relationship marketing is an integral part of every marketing activity because at present, classical marketing is slowly eliminated due to the fact that marketers are more concern on finding loyal customers than looking for new ones (Boone and Kurtz, 2006). This is due to some reasons that it is expensive to find for new customers than maintaining existing ones. In this reason, some organisations aggressively promote their product or service offerings in the hope that they will be able to acquire new potential customers. This in return incurs specific cost that eventually may be added up to the final price of product or service offerings. On the other hand, companies that are confident to cater loyal customers do not need to promote further their service or product offerings. As a result, customers are benefited because no further cost may be incurred for promotion that usually they have to pay as to be integrated in the final price of the offerings. Different types of relationship marketing There are three different and important marketing strategies used by marketers. These include creating customer satisfaction, building brand equity, and creating and maintaining relationships (Sorce, 2002). As can be observed, these three are interrelated. As a result, there is a great chance for a satis fied customer to become loyal to a certain brand he has tried so far. That customer can eventually attest to the performance of the brand which leads further to creating a significant relationship once there is an effort to create or maintain it on the part of marketers. There two major types of marketing: traditional marketing and relationship marketing which includes database marketing, interaction marketing, and network marketing (Brodie et al, 1997).These types of relationship marketing according to Egan (2001) are equivalent to direct marketing, consumer-relationship marketing and business-to-business relationship marketing. According to Brodie and his colleagues, these marketing types often do co-exist due to the fact that there are existing different situations between buyer and seller. However, in today’s modern approach in marketing, there is an added relationship marketing type which is also known as E-marketing which involves the use of internet and interactive tec hnologies to link the firms and their customers (Palmer and Pels, 2005). The database marketing or known as direct marketing is a relationship marketing which is about analysing data obtained from customers and implementing the corresponding results (Blattberg et al., 2008). Blattberg and his colleagues elaborated that database marketing is about the use of customer databases in order to come up with effective acquisition, retention and development of customers which are the main

Investment Advisors Small Business - Business Plan Essay

Investment Advisors Small Business - Business Plan - Essay Example Institutions, which would be discussed in this section, are Royal Bank of Canada, LBMC and FiduciaryVest. Royal Bank of Canada (RBC): Established back in the year 1869, RBC is Canada’s largest bank in terms of asset value and market capitalization. The institution consistently receives high credit ratings both from Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor’s. This has helped the company to gain the trust of the prospective investors. The advisory service of RBC caters to the high net worth private clients and niche corporate and institutional clients across the globe. Other than investment advice, they offer complimentary financial plans and wealth consultations, guided by RBC experts (RBC, 2010, p.1-2). LBMC: LBC Investment Advisors, LLC, has been ranked among the top financial planning firms in US. The ranking was done by CPA Wealth Provider on the basis of assets under management. The financial institution has more than $ 300 million under its management and it has been experiencing sustainable and continual growth in the industry (LBMC, 2010). FiduciaryVest: FiduciaryVest is an employee owned independent investment advisory firm. They offer consulting service and advice which is in accordance to the interests of the clients. They assist their clients to analyze the assets, develop investment policy, goals and guidelines and design the investment portfolio by fulfilling the objectives of the investors only to optimize their profitability (FiduciaryVest, 2007). So, it seems that there are many institutions which are ready to challenge the new entrants in this industry. The new institution must possess some competitive advantage to sustain its existence in the long run. The company was established by three people, Carol Buckalew, Arnold Jones and Richard Small. Carol is a CFA with more than 15 years of

Pathophysiology of DORV and Surgical Management

Pathophysiology of DORV and Surgical Management Advances in genetic techniques and ability to detect the chromosomal abnormalities in the cellular structures; have had a great impact on the detection of congenital cardiac defects. Although in the past congenital heart diseases have long been recognised as a constituent of complex genetic syndromes, a genetic cause for specific congenital heart diseases has less been apparent; as the sources of these defects has been believed to be multifactoral. In addition, with the advancement of the molecular genetic studies, it has come to light that in many instances, congenital heart diseases exhibit classic Mendelian transmission. It is also possible to trace the direct involvement of a gene with a particular congenital cardiac defect. Tetrology of Fallot has been found to have genetic predisposition, it is estimated that offspring of a parent with tetrology of Fallot is more likely to suffer from the disease in comparison to offsprings whose parents do not suffer from congenital heart disease. Studies estimated that about 1.5% of live births will be affected by tetrology of Fallot if the parents suffer from the defect and about 0.1% will be affected by the presence of tetrology of Fallot if parents do not suffer from congenital heart disease. In comparison in DORV chromosomal abnormalities have only been identified in some cases. In the Baltimore-Washington infant study, DORV was diagnosed in a few patients with downs syndrome and in trisomies 13 and 18, although the incidence was quite low compared with that morphologically similar lesion, tetrology of Fallot. In addition the related conotruncal abnormality, complete transposition of the great arteries, was not found in any patient with trisomy in reported study, this suggests that DORV and transposition of great arteries may be etiologically similar and may be fundamentally different form tetrology of Fallot in terms if developmental mechanism. Also DORV and Transposition of Great arteries are rarely found in patients with CATCH 22 syndromes, although tetrology of Fallot is not uncommon. In a large sample study of patients with conotruncal abnormalities to evaluate the frequency of 22q11 deletions, only 1of 20 patients with DORV as compared to 15.9% of the patients with tetrology of Fallot. The studies have also reported that DORV may be a part of complex CHD in patients with DiGeorge, velocardiofacial and conotruncal anomaly-face syndrome. In a resent animal study it was reported that DORV occur in mouse embryos homozygous for the JMJ mutation, which affects the nuclear protein jmj coded by chamber-specific genes. Surgical Management Surgical management for the DORV and tetrology of Fallot is determined by the anatomy and physiology of the defect as well as the age at which the diagnosis is made and at which the need for surgical intervention arises. Indications for operation are similar to those for defects that lie on each side of the DORV spectrum (VSD, tetralogy of Fallot, and Transposition of great arteries). In addition the presence of associated cardiac defects may modify the approach. In DORV the position of VSD and the presence and severity of pulmonary stenosis are probably the most important considerations. In tetralogy of Fallot most patients have satisfactory systemic arterial oxygenation saturation at birth and require no treatment. However when the oxygen saturation drops below 75-80% operative intervention becomes imperative. Hypoxemic spells may occur from the transient reductions in pulmonary blood flow, due to sudden increase in right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and the decrease in systemic vascular resistance, so a surgical approach takes into consideration the number and location of ventricular septal defects, anatomy and severity of right outflow tract obstruction, coronary artery and aortic arch anatomy and the presence of other cardiac and non cardiac anomalies. Depending on the severity of the cyanosis two types of surgical streams are available. There are two basic possible types of surgical strategies for newborn infants with tetralogy of Fallot. One of the strategies consists of a staged repair; where initial palliation is followed by a complete repair and other one being a complete repair in the neonatal period. Palliative surgical correction, which often does not require the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, is the creation of systemic to pulmonary shunt. This correction is achieved by connecting systemic blood flow source to a the pulmonary blood flow, as already mentioned the main feature of this congenital defect is the reduced flow to the pulmonary system which is the basis of cyanosis. The palliative repair is done by fitting a tubular prosthesis between a systemic artery and a pulmonary artery as shown in the figure (?) (a, b and c). The commonest type of systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt is a modified Blalock-Taussig anastomosis which is a communication between a subclavian and pulmonary artery of the same side. Another form of palliative correction is done by creating a connection between ascending or descending aorta and the trunk of pulmonary artery. The connection which connects the posterior ascending aorta to anterior pulmonary trunk is called Waterston shunt and connection bet ween posterior pulmonary artery to anterior descending aorta is called potts shunt. Both of these techniques have there advantages and disadvantages (figure (S) e and f). Figure ( ? ) The most common types of palliative procedures for tetralogy of Fallot. The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS) using a Gore-Tex graft either from the right subclavian artery (A) or the right innominate (INN) artery (B). C, A central aortopulmonary shunt using Gore-Tex. D, A right ventricular outflow patch without ventricular septal defect closure. Pathophysiology of DORV Once the anatomic variables of DORV are understood, the various physiologic manifestations become both logical and predictable, at the tetrology end of the DORV spectrum; pathophysiology is similar to that in the tetrology of Fallot. The most important variables determining the physiology of a given heart are the position of the VSD in relation to great arteries, the relation of the great arteries to each other and the presence of associated defects (in particular, outflow tract obstruction). In general patients with large VSD and no pulmonary stenosis or severe pulmonary vascular resistance are not clinically cyanotic. This is because Qp is high and the resultant mixture of blood in the right ventricle has a high enough oxygen saturation to prevent clinically evident cyanosis; however there is some arterial desaturation. Although both great arteries arise from the right ventricle, often incomplete mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood occurs at the ventricular level because of streaming. This streaming of blood within RV is usually determined by the relationship of semilunar valves to the VSD and the position and presence of the infundibular septum. The blood in the great artery most closely related to the VSD and therefore most aligned with LV outflow tract tends to have the highest oxygen saturation. Likewise, the great artery that due to streming, preferentially receives systemic venous return, tends to have a lower saturation. This phenomema is somewhat different from true single ventricle physiology. In DORV with subaortic VSD and no pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary blood flow will be determined by the relationship of pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance. What is usually the case after the first few weeks of life pulmonary vascular resistance is less than systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary blood flow will be greater than systemic flow, resulting in higher than normal pulmonary arterial saturation and congestive heart failure. As the pulmonary vascular resistance increases in response to this abnormal volume load, pulmonary blood flow correspondingly decreases. Eventually, if left untreated, this usually results in pulmonary vascular obstruction disease with severely and irreversible elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, causing progressive cyanosis and early mortality. However if when the VSD is in subaortic position with pulmonary stenosis, whether valvular or subvalvular, obstruction to pulmonary blood flow is found. Conduction System In tetrology of Fallot the sinus and atrioventricular nodes are normal in location, and the bundle of His follows the same general course as in patients with isolated perimembraneous and juxtatricuspid VSDs. Thus it emerges through the right fibrous trigone at the base of the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve and courses forward toward the papillary muscle of the conus along the inferior VSD margin or slightly to the left side of the defect edge. In addition, hearts which show marked clockwise rotation of the aortic root with overriding, the right trigone is carried more rightward and superiorly and directly into VSD margin. By contrast, the bundle of His does not lie on VSD margin when a muscle ridge is present, since the ridge projects superiorly above the right fibrous trigone. In DORV with concordant AV connections the AV node lies in the usual position in the muscular portion of the AV septum. The bundle of His penetrates the fibrous right trigone of the central body and lies along the posteroinferior margin of the VSD in lesions that are juxtatricuspid wheter the defect is subaortic, doubly committed, or sub-pulmonary. When muscle is interposed between the defect and the tricuspid valve, this muscle protects the bundle, which no longer runs along the posteroinferior free margin of the defect. Oxygenation Hemodynamic representation of Tetrology of Fallot (indicating right to left shunting) Supply of oxygen to the body Due to the mal-alignment and deviation from the normal physiology, the main issue of the patients with tetarology of Fallot is hypoxemia due to inadequate pulmonary blood flow caused by the inadequate pulmonary blood flow, which is determined by the right ventricular pressures and degree of obstruction. Since the right and left ventricular and aortic pressure is equalized, a drop in systemic arterial pressure will result in a reduction in pulmonary blood flow. Oxygen carrying capacity of blood depends mostly on haemoglobin concentration and greater the haemoglobin concentration in the blood that perfuses the lungs, the greater the amount of oxygen extracted per unit of blood flow. In neonates the haemoglobin concentration is relatively high (15 to 18 g/dL), however it drops to about 10 or 12g/dL by 3-4 months after birth. In neonates with tetralogy of Fallot there is an increase in blood level of erythropoietin due to hypoxemia. Iron is required to maintain or increase in haemoglobin levels; however suckling infants have very low stores of iron and food intake in early infancy provides little iron. Therefore there is a high incidence of anaemia in children with tetralogy of Fallot. On the other hand tetraology spectrum of DORV, where the great arteries lie side by side with aorta to the right of pulmonary artery and both semilunar valves lying in the same transverse and coronal plane the physiology is similar to tetralogy of Fallot. In these neonates the VSD is closer to aortic valve thus oxygenated blood form left ventricle is directed to the aorta and the deoxygenated blood is directed to pulmonary artery but the degree of pulmonary stenosis directs portion of deoxygenated blood into aorta. In addition due to the presence of large VSD both ventricles are subjected to similar pressures. Due to the pulmonary stenosis the blood flow to the lungs is restricted causing drop in the pulmonary systolic pressure, which in turn causes hypoxemia. The pulmonary stenosis is most often infundibular, but may be valvular, with or without a small pulmonary valve ring. In doubly committed VSD category of the DORV spectrum the conoventricular septal defect is both subaortic and sub-pulmonary owing significant conal septal mal-development and mal-position. The hemodynamics change in that case will also be determined by the presence or absence of subaortic or sub-pulmonary stenosis. Therefore cases with sub-pulmonary stenosis will have reduction in the pulmonary blood flow and will result in the hypoxemia and thereby cyanosis corresponding physiological characteristics of tetralogy of Fallot. Also in cases of non-committed DORV majority of great vessels arise form right ventricle thus right ventricle is subjected both pulmonary and aortic circulation resistance. Oxygenated blood form left ventricle gets mixed with non-oxygenated blood through VSD making systemic and pulmonary circulation equal. In addition due to left and right shunting right ventricle is volume overloaded and results in congestive heart failure. Additionally, the stimulation for the formation of red cells continues and very high counts of red cells are achieved, but the cells are microcytic and hypochromic, since the average corpuscle volume and average corpuscle haemoglobin are markedly reduced. Also the rise above 60% increases the blood viscosity. This raised viscosity of blood leads to greater resistance to flow through the tissues and ultimately capacity to transport oxygen vanishes. In transposition spectrum of DORV the physiology is different then described above, since the presence of large sub-pulmonary VSD and its commitment to the pulmonary artery; the course of circulation is dependent on the afterload on each ventricle, as shunting could occur in either direction. In this type of defect the oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery is higher than in systemic circulation. The high oxygen saturation of pulmonary arterial blood will however decrease the pulmonary vascular resistance and consequently will result in right to left shunting during systole. This will result in some decrease in PO2 of blood distributed to the lungs as well as through ductus arteriosus. On the other hand during diastole a larger volume of blood will return from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and ventricle and thus results in a left to right shunting. As a result, the oxygen saturation of the blood going to systemic circulation is increased and thus tends to limit the abnorm al decrease in the upper body PO2. A characteristic of this defect is the presence of a large unrestrictive VSD with which the mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood takes. This phenomena result in a relatively large pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio and consequently high systemic oxygen concentrations; therefore limiting the tissue hypoxia. However the inability of the ventricles to maintain the physiological normal pressures cardiac failure is often associated in infants with transposition spectrum of DORV. Infants with this type of physiology usually appear with mild cyanosis and in congestive heart failure. In addition if there is effective mixing but pulmonary flow is reduced by the presence of pulmonary stenosis or increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary to systemic flow ratio decreases and arterial saturations will be lower and subsequently will result in tetrology of Fallot type pathophysiology. Right to Left Shunts. Now just for a moment let us consider a large VSD assocoiated with pulmonary valve stenosis which is severe enough to have a resistance greater than systemic vascular resistance. Just like the last case, this ratio of resistances results in reversal of the shunt. This is in fact an unusual combination, but the point here is that the situation mimics the haemodynamics of tetralogy of Fallot. Also it shows how associated pulmonary stenosis can have a great influence on cardiac malformations on many sorts. We will meet it again in the commom mixing situations. On the other hand with no pulmonary stenosis look at the difference Right to Left Shunts. I am making a morphological point here: tetralogy of Fallot is not a coincidence of pulmonary stenosis and VSD but the consequence of right ventricular outflow tract and central pulmonary artery hypoplasia. The diagram can be adjusted to accentuate this, as above. Tetralogy has a variable and sometimes spasmodic stenosis of the muscular right ventricular outflow tract. Sometimes, particularly early in life, the degree of obstruction is not great and the infant may present with signs of a VSD shunting left to right. Qp:Qs (Ratios Pulmonary to systemic Ratios) Double outlet Right ventricle hemodynamic representation (DORV -Common mixing) In many cases of complex congenital cardiac disease it can be quite difficult to understand how the degree of systemic desaturation reflects the flows in malformed heart. It helps to realise that many of them fall into this group of common mixing circulation, which is to say that all pulmonary and systemic venous blood streams are obliged to come together at some point in the circulation. They are: Totally anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Univentricular heart. Double outlet right or left ventricle. All simple valve atresias. Fallot pulmonary atresia. Truncus arteriosus. And any of the above in combination with any other defect. If there is complete mixing of the systemic and pulmonary returns, it follows that pulmonary and systemic arterial saturation will be identical. Due to streaming effects, the mixing may not be quite complete but the saturations will still be nearly identical. This all means that some degree of systemic desaturation will be present. The degree of cyanosis is dictated by the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow as shown in the figure above, in which Qp is pulmonary flow and Qs is systemic. Often, particularly in the univentricular heart and in the double outlet ventricles, it is asssociated pumonary stenosis which determines the ratio of Qp to Qs. Some patients with a Qp high enough to keep systemic saturation above 94% or so will not be clinically cyanosed. Time and space do not allow a full descrtiption of all the pathologies so we will take one example, double outlet right ventricle. Double outlet right ventricle is a good example of the haemodynamic variability of this group. The figure above shows the circulation in a case where there is a large ventricular septal defect, no pulmonary stenosis and no significant rise in the pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary blood flow is elevated and the radiograph will show plethora. The high ratio between pulmonary and systemic venous return means that the saturation of the mixed flow, and therefore of the aortic blood, is 90%, which is barely detectable clinically as cyanosis INTRODUCTION  Ã‚  In 1888, Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot described three cyanotic patients with four similar anatomic features [1]: Stenosis of the pulmonary artery Intraventricular communication Deviation of the origin of the aorta to the right Concentric right ventricular hypertrophy This constellation of findings has since become known as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The prevalence of TOF in the United States is about 3.9 per 10,000 live births [2]. This defect accounts for about 7 to 10 percent of cases of congenital heart disease and is one of the most common congenital heart lesions requiring intervention in the first year of life [3]. TOF occurs equally in males and females [4]. The pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of TOF will be reviewed here. An overview of the management of this disorder, including postoperative complications and issues related to pregnancy, are discussed separately. (See Overview of the management of tetralogy of Fallot.) ANATOMY  Ã‚  The exact embryologic abnormality that accounts for TOF is unknown. What is recognized is that during development, there is anterior and cephalad deviation of the infundibular septum. This results in a malaligned ventricular septal defect (VSD), with the aortic root overriding the defect and leading to subsequent right ventricular outflow obstruction (figure 1). The ensuing right ventricular hypertrophy is thought to be a response to the large VSD and right ventricular outflow obstruction with resultant systemic right ventricular systolic pressure. Ventricular septal defect  Ã‚  The VSD in TOF is most commonly a single large malaligned subaortic defect located in the perimembranous region of the septum (picture 1). The VSD can extend into the muscular septum. There are rarely other muscular ventricular septal defects. (See Pathophysiology and clinical features of isolated ventricular septal defects in infants and children.) Right ventricular outflow obstruction  Ã‚  The right ventricular outflow obstruction is often at multiple levels (picture 2): The anterior and cephalad deviation of the infundibular septum results in subvalvar obstruction Hypertrophy of muscular bands in this region can further accentuate subvalvar obstruction The pulmonary valve annulus is usually hypoplastic, although in some instances it is of normal size The pulmonary valve itself is frequently bicuspid and stenotic In addition, it is not uncommon to identify an area of supravalvar narrowing in the main pulmonary artery at the sinotubular ridge. There may also be further obstruction at the branch pulmonary arteries. These may be diffusely hypoplastic or have focal areas of stenosis, most commonly at the proximal branch pulmonary arteries. The proximal left pulmonary artery near the site of ductal insertion is a frequent location for stenosis (picture 3A-B). Overriding aorta  Ã‚  Overriding aorta is a congenital anomaly, in which the aorta is displaced to the right over the VSD rather than the left ventricle. This results in blood flow from both ventricles into the aorta. The degree of aortic override of the VSD can vary widely and is one of the major factors used by some groups to differentiate between TOF and double outlet right ventricle. If one defines double outlet right ventricle as the presence of aortic/mitral valve fibrous continuity, then the degree of override is not relevant to diagnosis. If, however, one defines double outlet right ventricle as a condition with greater than 50 percent aortic override, then, by definition, the degree of aortic override in TOF is limited. Associated cardiac features  Ã‚  There are a number of frequently associated anatomic features that are important to look for when evaluating a patient with TOF, since they affect therapy. Associated cardiac anomalies occur in about 40 percent of patients with TOF. Approximately 25 percent of patients have a right aortic arch. This is particularly important to identify if one is contemplating a palliative shunt. Abnormalities of the coronary arteries, such as the left anterior descending arising from the right coronary artery, are seen in about 9 percent of patients [5]. These are important to identify prior to complete repair, since the course of the artery may run directly across the right ventricular outflow tract; inadvertent transection could have catastrophic consequences. Occasionally, patients have significant aorticopulmonary collateral vessels that may require attention prior to or at the time of surgery. A patent ductus arteriosus, multiple ventricular defects, and complete atrioventricular septal defects may be present. Infrequently, aortic valve regurgitation is present due to aortic cusp prolapse. GENETIC FACTORS  Ã‚  Although TOF may present as part of a known syndrome, this lesion typically occurs sporadically without other anomalies. Surveys of patients with nonsyndromic TOF have reported the following genetic abnormalities: In one study of 114 patients with nonsyndromal TOF, 4 percent of patients had mutations in transcription factor NKX2.5., which appears to have a role in cardiac development [6]. In genome-wide surveys of patients with nonsyndromic TOF and their parents, de novo copy number variants were estimated to be present in about 10 percent of sporadic cases of TOF compared to less than 0.1 percent in controls at several chromosomal locations [7]. Tetralogy of Fallot has also been reported in association with mutations in TBX1 and ZFPM2 [8-10]. Further investigation is required to determine the role of these mutations in the evolution of Tetralogy of Fallot. Approximately 15 percent of patients with TOF present with associated syndromes, including Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Alagille syndrome (mutations in Jagged1), and DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes (deletion on chromosome 22q11) [8,11-17]. There may be susceptibility genes for TOF within the latter region of chromosome 22q11 in children without extracardiac anomalies [16,18,19], and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is unrecognized in many adult patients with TOF [20]. (See DiGeorge syndrome: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations  and Inherited disorders associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, section on Alagille syndrome.) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  Ã‚  The physiologic consequences of TOF are largely dependent upon the degree of right ventricular outflow obstruction. Since the VSD is typically large and unrestrictive, the pressure in the right ventricle reflects that of the left ventricle. As a result, the direction of blood flow across the VSD will be determined by the path of least resistance for blood flow, not by the size of the VSD. If the resistance to blood flow across the obstructed right ventricular outflow tract is less than the resistance to flow out of the aorta into the systemic circulation, blood will naturally shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary bed. In this situation, there is predominately a left-to-right shunt and the patient will be acyanotic. As the degree of right ventricular outflow obstruction increases, the resistance to blood flow into the pulmonary bed also increases. If the right ventricular obstruction is significant enough to increase resistance, it will be easier for blood to cross the VSD from the right ventricle into the left ventricle and go out the aorta, which now becomes the path of least resistance. This right-to-left shunt across the VSD will result in a large volume of desaturated blood entering the systemic circulation and cyanosis and polycythemia will ensue (figure 1). One of the physiologic characteristics of TOF is that the right ventricular outflow obstruction can fluctuate. An individual with minimal cyanosis can develop a dynamic increase in right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with a subsequent increase in right-to-left shunt and the development of cyanosis. In the most dramatic situation, there can be near occlusion of the right ventricular outflow tract with profound cyanosis. These episodes are often referred to as tet spells or hypercyanotic spells. The exact etiology of these episodes is unclear, although there have been a number of proposed mechanisms, including increased infundibular contractility, peripheral vasodilatation, hyperventilation, and stimulation of right ventricular mechanoreceptors [21]. CLINICAL PRESENTATION  Ã‚  The clinical presentation of the patient with TOF is dependent upon the degree of right ventricular outflow obstruction: Children with severe obstruction and inadequate pulmonary flow typically present in the immediate newborn period with profound cyanosis Children with moderate obstruction and balanced pulmonary and systemic flow may be noticed during elective evaluation for a murmur Children with minimal obstruction may present with pulmonary overcirculation and heart failure Most children with this lesion are symptomatic and cyanotic; there is a subgroup, however, with typical morphology and hemodynamics that remains clinically asymptomatic for a period of time (pink variant). In general, the earlier the onset of systemic hypoxemia, the more likely it is that severe pulmonary outflow tract stenosis or atresia is present. Physical examination  Ã‚  On inspection, individuals with TOF are usually comfortable and in no distress. However, during hypercyanotic spells, they will become hyperpneic, and infants will often become agitated. If cyanosis is present, it is most easily seen in the nail beds and lips. On palpation, one may appreciate a prominent right ventricular impulse and occasionally a systolic thrill. Hepatomegaly is uncommon. Peripheral pulses are usually normal, although the presence of prominent pulses may suggest the existence of a significant patent ductus arteriosus or aorticopulmonary collaterals. Cardiac auscultation  Ã‚  On auscultation, the first heart sound is normal, and the second heart sound is most commonly single because the pulmonic component is rarely audible. Third and fourth heart sounds are uncommon. An early systolic click along the left sternal border may be heard, which is thought to be due to flow into the dilated ascending aorta. (See Auscultation of heart sounds.) Murmur  Ã‚  The murmur in TOF is due primarily to the right ventricular outflow obstruction, not the VSD. The murmur is typically crescendo-decrescendo with a harsh systolic ejection quality; it is appreciated best along the left mid to upper sternal border with radiation posteriorly. It can, however, have a more regurgitant quality that can be easily mistaken for a VSD. (See Auscultation of cardiac murmurs.) The murmur is due both to the degree of obstruction and to the amount of flow across the obstruction. In TOF, unlike isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis, the amount of flow across the right ventricular outflow tract will decrease as the obstruction increases, due to the shunting of blood right-to-left across the VSD. Thus, as the obstruction increases, the murmur will become softer. During severe hypercyanotic spells, the murmur may actually disappear due to the markedly diminished flow across the obstruction.

Apple: the Leader in Computer and Mobile Technologies Essay

Apple had been a very successful company since its foundation in 1976. It has been a leader in the computer and mobile technologies field since its first release of the Apple- I to the most recent revolutionary product, the iPad. Through its core competencies innovative design, advanced technology, ease of use, and premium pricing strategy; the company has always positioned itself as a quality leader. Despite their disadvantage in pricing, Apple has seen consistent success throughout its history, specifically since the release of its new mobile devices, as is evidenced by the 15-fold increase of its share price since 2003. Since its early years, Apple has had a drive for innovation and excellence, striving to release new hit products every six to twelve months. This strategy has been greatly successful for the company, as their new products are redefining the industry every year. These products can continue to be refined and perfected to appeal exactly to the company’s target market. However, Apple can still improve its positioning by targeting solely towards the home consumer and by staying ahead of its competitors in its product innovation. With the release of the iPod in 2001 and the subsequent introduction of the iTunes Music Store in 2003, Apple had created a dominant position for themselves in the sale of mp3s and mp3 players. The iPod, like all of Apple’s products, had a significantly higher price than the mp3 players of its largest competitors. However, the iPod’s sleek design, simple user interface, large memory, and most importantly, unique compatibility with iTunes, the world’s largest music library, all but guaranteed its success in the consumer marketplace. Profits from music sales remained low due to a high cost structure. Though as song sales numbers boomed with low profits, iPod sales rose alongside. Sales through the iTunes Store provided a loss leader for the much more profitable iPods. Though new products have become available in recent years, the iPod remains an extremely effective business segment as Apple made over $12 billion in 2009 on the iPod and other music products. [†¦] Another Apple innovation would come in 2007 with the release of the iPhone. The company spent years of research in secrecy â€Å"recreating the phone† and took the difficult to enter industry by storm. The iPhone was similar to many other modern smartphones with the exception of its 3.5 inch touchscreen technology. The iPhone appealed to the home consumer due to its intuitivism, matching Apple’s core competencies to the home consumer’s perceived value. AT&T, the sole provider of the iPhone to consumers, would not issue a subsidy on the phone which ran at an average of about $200 more than competitors’ versions of the smartphone. [†¦] [†¦] With more competitors poised to jump into the computer tablet industry, Apple needs to take a stand to differentiate their product from the competitors. I suggest that Apple does this by combining the three of their products into one, well-rounded, all-inclusive, entertainment hub that captures your original vision. The new premium iPad would offer phone capabilities with the assistance of a new hands free headset designed to be similar to the Bluetooth. This new wireless headset would allow the user to remotely control the phone and music aspects of their premium iPad. [†¦] [†¦] The ability for a consumer to walk into one of the many Apple Store locations and download and stream a movie of their choice on a same Apple TV would nearly sell the product itself, as has been the case for all of the products Apple features in its retail locations. However, these costs would be miniscule to the revenues Apple could earn from following this unstoppable trend while it is still budding. Using Porter’s 5-Forces, it is clear to see that this industry is ready to be attacked by Apple. [†¦] [†¦] Conclusions and recommendations After analyzing the company and looking at its strengths, weaknesses, core competencies and strategic positioning, I feel I have been able to identify some problems as well as some opportunities for Apple Inc. in the short and long term. My recommended action plan focuses on improving the already thriving markets of the iPhone and iPad, as well as maintaining their market share and differentiating them against the competition. Also, I have suggested that Apple Inc. should revisit a project they have experimented with in the past and try to capitalize on the next unstoppable trend in today’s society. [†¦]

Drama Soap Opera Essay

Our soap opera is called â€Å"Selby Walk†, named after a nearby park situated near the street where our soap is filmed. It’s set in a city suburb. The first scene of the soap contains three characters. Their names are Dave Hudson who assumes the role of a cabby driver, Mark Hayes who is a family businessman and Rob Kallis- a shady drug dealer operating in the area. The cabby driver, Dave, is modelled as a chatty person in his early 40’s. At times, he’s also the street gossip. He’s a pretty likeable personality. Mark Hayes is a businessman in his late 30’s. Although he occupies the spotlight longer than his fair share, he is a family man and laden with responsibilities, so he keeps himself to himself. Rob Kallis is renowned as the town villain. He usually dresses in black and always spiteful of many people. At 25, he is also despised by the community that he is a part of. he scene begins in Dave’s taxi. He is driving Mark to an area where Rob Kallis’ dealings are rife. The camera is continuously jumping from catching the reaction of one actor to the other. Before the dialogue starts, the camera swivels from looking at the road to the driver. This starts the scene off. However, the scene does not begin from when the journey begins. We catch it in the middle. Mark closes the door and begins to walk up the road. Before travelling up to a house footpath, he takes a quick look around. The camera also does this as if it was filming through his eyes. Mark walks up the footpath and up to a door. He rings the doorbell, but nobody answers. However, he finds the door unlocked and walks in. Dave watches this carefully, with a suspecting look on his face.

Free Essays on A Synopsis of Lasting Themes Found in “The Child by Tiger”

of Blake’s poem are put to work as underlying themes in â€Å"The Child by Tiger,† including images of darkness, shadows, fear, and the fire-like burn of the tiger’s eye that haunts the rest of the plot. It is in this imagery that perhaps Wolfe’s primary theme is founded: what is human nature and what are its capabilities for both good and evil? The character Dick Prosser is upon introduction a deeply religious, gentle, and multi-talented man. Almost immediately in the story, Wolfe begins a consistent reference to Dick as very cat-like in nature, drawing on his cunning prowess, speed, and agility. It can thus be gathered that the tiger illustrated in Blake’s poem is symbolic of Dick. The narrator paints an illustrious image of Dick Prosser in the early stages of the story, creating an instant admiration for what the reader first believes to be the protagonist; however, it is soon noted that Dick â€Å"went too softly, at too swift a pace†, marring the seemingly flawless character and casting a shadow of doubt over the almost-hero. Comparing Dick to a shadow or something â€Å"moving in the night,† both disturbs the reader and causes one to question first impressions. Night, darkness, and shadows emerge as crucial themes, once again drawing their power from the introductory stanza from â€Å"Tiger.à ¢â‚¬  All information held from the reader is purposefully ... Free Essays on A Synopsis of Lasting Themes Found in â€Å"The Child by Tiger† Free Essays on A Synopsis of Lasting Themes Found in â€Å"The Child by Tiger† A Synopsis of Lasting Themes Found in â€Å"The Child by Tiger† In Thomas Wolfe’s carefully constructed short story, â€Å"The Child by Tiger,† excerpts from William Blake’s poem â€Å"Tiger† and the King James Bible enrich the central themes of the plot. Although â€Å"The Child by Tiger† is very cryptic in revealing its purpose, several important concepts may be inspected to aid the reader in discovering Wolfe’s meaning. The stirring first stanza of â€Å"Tiger,† chosen by Wolfe to precede his story, braces the reader for the darker imagery to follow. The vivid words of Blake’s poem are put to work as underlying themes in â€Å"The Child by Tiger,† including images of darkness, shadows, fear, and the fire-like burn of the tiger’s eye that haunts the rest of the plot. It is in this imagery that perhaps Wolfe’s primary theme is founded: what is human nature and what are its capabilities for both good and evil? The character Dick Prosser is upon introduction a deeply religious, gentle, and multi-talented man. Almost immediately in the story, Wolfe begins a consistent reference to Dick as very cat-like in nature, drawing on his cunning prowess, speed, and agility. It can thus be gathered that the tiger illustrated in Blake’s poem is symbolic of Dick. The narrator paints an illustrious image of Dick Prosser in the early stages of the story, creating an instant admiration for what the reader first believes to be the protagonist; however, it is soon noted that Dick â€Å"went too softly, at too swift a pace†, marring the seemingly flawless character and casting a shadow of doubt over the almost-hero. Comparing Dick to a shadow or something â€Å"moving in the night,† both disturbs the reader and causes one to question first impressions. Night, darkness, and shadows emerge as crucial themes, once again drawing their power from the introductory stanza from â€Å"Tiger.à ¢â‚¬  All information held from the reader is purposefully ...

Multinational companies in Jamaica Essay Example

Multinational companies in Jamaica Essay Example Multinational companies in Jamaica Paper Multinational companies in Jamaica Paper Multinational companies in Jamaica Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Multinational companies in Jamaica Multinational companies have been highly significant to the growth of the Jamaican economy. The exponential growth of these companies has been felt not only in Jamaica and the Caribbean but also in continents such as Europe and North America where they have solid footholds in the respective countries consumer markets. Grace Kennedy and Lasco Jamaica are among the most successful companies in the Caribbean and more so in Jamaica. Multinational companies have a wide range of products that help diversify their portfolios. Grace Kennedy Company was founded in 1922 as a partnership between Dr. John J. Grace and Fred Kennedy. The Company started out as a small trading company and soon grew to have a wharfing facility to enable smooth flow of the company’s imports (Grace Kennedy, 4). The company in the Caribbean operates in Jamaica, Trinidad Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean respectively. Currently the company has sixty subsidiaries and affiliated companies across several continents around the world. The company has grown significantly since its inception form a privately owned company to a public company with a market capitalization of J$21 billion as of the year 2006. The company has a blueprint of catapulting its growth to become a leading global company with branches all over the world. The company has its activities in financial services, remittances services, insurance, manufacturing and retail and distribution. Employment-The Company has been particularly significant in the provision of employment to the Jamaican population. Since it began its operations, it has seen growth in its levels of operating activities and has diversified into different products and activities for the maximization of profits. The growth of the company means that the company has seen an increase in its revenues, which means that there have been more employments to facilitate the higher levels of activities. Employment for any population and country in general has many benefits. In addition, more employment means that the new employees are able to meet their basic needs such as costs for food. Adequate food for a family means the members are able to concentrate on crucial issues such as education. This also alleviates diseases, which are brought about by malnutrition that is because of poor diet or inadequate food. Employment means that people who are unemployed and venture into the new employment bracket are able to cater for their own needs such as education for their children and other basic needs. Revenue for the government-Moreover, new employees also translate to more revenue in the form of taxes for the government. More taxes enable the government to be able to fund more developmental projects such as the provision of basic needs such as water and sewerage systems. New employment helps in the reduction of crime as people who do not have any employment are able to find alternative and better sources of income. Public Ownership-The Company, after its evolution into a public entity, enabled Jamaican citizens to get a chance to own a part of the largest corporations in the country. The new public company after its listing as a public company was able to get more revenue to improve and increase its operations. This also meant that the company would employ more people to facilitate more production and maintain its growth. After the formation of the company in 1922, the company was particularly vital in the provision of basic services to the Jamaican public. This was extremely difficult to find if not impossible, in a period marked by racial oppression such as financial services and insurance services. This enabled the Jamaican entity to be represented in the corporate world by a multinational company, which has several operations in different countries and continents. Grace Kennedy Company has also enabled the Jamaican population to have more products available to them at relatively fair prices. The provision of basic commodities such as packed foods enabled people all financial backgrounds at relatively average prices. This has opened up the market to innovation and competition posed by the different players in the market. Negative impacts Focus on imports-Grace Kennedy has been solely involved in the import of products instead of diversification into the manufacture of products (Grace Kennedy, 11). Manufacture of products in Jamaica would be particularly relevant to the economy by the provision of new jobs and would prove to be cost friendly to the cost reduction of the company. The company should focus on the provision of products that are solely made in Jamaica or the Caribbean. Provision of unhealthy foods-this has contributed to the now persistent health issues affecting obese people due to high intake of fatty foods. Grace Kennedy has aided the distribution of foods that are considered unhealthy. Decline in currency value-Imports drain the country’s foreign reserves, which are used to purchase the imports. This makes it hard for the country to be able to maintain a strong currency. Lasco Jamaica has also been another company that has been in operation in the Jamaican economy since 1988 (Lasco Jamaica, 3). It has been involved in the provision of food, financial, personal care, household and pharmaceutical services and products. Positive impact Access to quality goods-Lasco Jamaica has been facilitating distribution of foreign products by employing aggressive marketing strategies. This has enabled the Jamaican public to be able to access high quality imports at relatively average prices Opening up of the market to healthy competition-Lasco Jamaica has also contributed to the opening up of the Jamaican market to competition posed by foreign products and enabled the local market to conform to high standards in the production of any goods (Lasco Jamaica, 15). This is evident by the presence of locally manufactured goods that are of high standards and are appealing to the consumer. Source of revenue for the government – the imports are usually taxed heavily on entry into any country. This ahs been a significant source of revenue for the government enabling it to fund projects Negative impact Focus on imports-The Company was involved in the importation of foreign products. This has had a negative impact on the Jamaican economy. Importation means that the company was denying local companies the much-needed revenues. Lack of employment due to imports– Lack of adequate revenues means that the local companies cannot employ more employees or even increase production Preference of foreign goods over local goods-The Company has not been a favorable force to the market due to its preference for imports such that it opposed the revival of Jamaican owned entity that would see the Jamaican government operate a dairy company. This would be favorable for the economy, as a whole. It would translate to more jobs in the economy and a reduction in the unemployment rates. This would also mean that the government would collect more revenue in the form of taxes and licenses from new products. In addition, the Lasco Jamaica Company has been providing the Jamaican population with fatty foods, which are considered unhealthy due to the presence of hydrated fats. The presence of such fats translates to people becoming unhealthy due to increase in weight. This leads to medical conditions such as obesity, bloods pressure and other heart related problems brought about by high cholesterol foods. Foreign affiliate-The Company seems to act as an affiliate of larger companies (Lasco Jamaica, 13). This denies the Jamaican populace the chance to work at companies, and denies the populace the chance to buy products that are made by Jamaican companies. The company should authorize the issue of shares and enable people to purchase their shares. This would enable the Jamaican population to have more ownership in entities that have been in existence for a long time and at the same time get money to invest in the farming activities. Grace Kennedy Company should have more responsibilities in the social scene because it has more market capitalization and resources at its disposal. This would be sufficient because the company owes its current existence to the Jamaican society. As a multinational company with the most number of subsidiaries and affiliate companies, they would be able to support such a perspective at the same time the company would be able to use the funds obtained in the acquisition of more equipment and invest in the local production of identical goods to ward off competition from the international products. The company should be the largest due to the high consumption rates of their products, which means that they earn more from the public thus they should give back to the public. Part of the revenue should go back to the society as it is because mast of it was derived from Jamaica. References Grace Kennedy. (2012). About us, 7.Retrieved from gracekennedy.com/home Lasco Jamaica. (2012). Home, 16. Retrieved from lascodistributors.com/Home.asp

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example People also differ on how businesses should approach diversity efforts. Some say that firms should manage diversity for legal compliance, while others assert for greater proactive initiatives (Eagley and Carli 110; Sandel 169). I believe that businesses should go beyond following laws that prohibit discrimination, and instead, they should exceed the requirements of the law and actively encourage diversity as the new ethical business strategy, because promoting diversity is a â€Å"common good† and provides multiple benefits for concerned stakeholders. Businesses have a moral obligation to promote diversity as a common good. Firms understandably aim to reduce costs and maximize profits, because those are some of the obvious purposes of having a business. Companies aim to turn profits, so that they can grow either locally or internationally and improve shareholder wealth. However, past and present experiences have shown that these goals should not be the only aims of businesses, because they should also be held accountable for the social, economic, environmental, cultural, and political consequences of their actions. They should be aware that the Machiavellian principle is not always ethical; not all means justify the end. For instance, it is not right to prefer promoting male candidates, because of the belied that women are often divided between family and work roles and responsibilities, and so they may be less reliable than men. It is not also right to hire female workers and pay them less than male counterparts, so that the company can save money. Companies should also be responsible for promoting and contributing to the â€Å"common good† and they can do this through seeing diversity as an ethical business strategy for their good and the good of society. The common good represents what is good for the society in general and not only for individuals. In Chapter 7, Sandel argues for affirmative action. He stresses that affirmative action can serv e the common good, because it corrects the testing gap, balances the wrongs of the past, and supports diversity (169). There is evidence that standardized tests are possibly biased. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and other standardized tests are disputed for not being able to accurately predict academic and professional success, as well as measure different forms of intelligence (Sandel 169). Martin Luther King, Jr. had mediocre scores on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) and even scored below average in verbal aptitude (Sandel 169). Studies also show that African Americans and Hispanics generally score lower than white students in standardized tests and scholars argue that test scores should also be properly interpreted in the context of the students’ social, family, cultural, and educational conditions (Sandel 169). In the same way, firms should also promote diversity, because standardized HR practices and measures are not always fair to minorities. In â€Å"Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership,† Eagley and Carli describe the labyrinth of challenges for women in and vying for leadership positions. They reveal that only 6% of the top positions in corporations on the Fortune 500 list belong to women with only 2% holding the position of CEO (Eagley and Carli 105). They argue that the main causes of gender gap in leadership positions are not the â€Å"glass ceilings,† but because organizations have created a â€Å"labyrinth† for female employees. Firms can address this by changing norms, values, and